Spinning, also known as spin forming or metal spinning, is a metalworking process used to form axially symmetric parts by rotating a metal blank or tube at high speed while applying localized pressure with a tool. This technique has been employed for centuries in various industries, from aerospace to automotive, and has gained significant traction in the manufacturing of high-speed rail (HSR) components due to its precision, cost-effectiveness, and ability to produce lightweight, high-strength parts. In the context of high-speed rail, spinning is critical for fabricating components such as wheelsets, axles, and structural elements that must withstand extreme dynamic loads, high speeds, and stringent safety requirements. High-speed rail systems, defined as rail transport networks with trains operating at speeds exceeding Read more